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Executive Director, National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education (NIAMRRE), Office of the Vice President for Research, Iowa State University
Professor and Anderson Chair in Veterinary MedicineVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine DepartmentandVeterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine2426 Lloyd Veterinary Medical Complex, Ames, IA 50011pplummer@iastate.edu
EDUCATION
Iowa State University PhD Dec 2009 Veterinary Microbiology
University of Tennessee Resident July 2004 Large Animal Medicine
Texas A&M University Intern June 2001 Large Animal Medicine and Surgery
University of Tennessee DVM May 2000
Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee BS Dec 1999 Microbiology
Board Certification •
Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2004 Large Animal Internal Medicine •
Diplomate, European College of Small Ruminant Health Management, 2014 •
American Veterinary Epidemiology Society Honorary Diplomate, 2021
Professional Certification •
Certificate for Diversity and Inclusion in Veterinary Medicine for Faculty and Faculty Administrators, Purdue University Center of Excellence for Diversity and Inclusion in Veterinary Medicine, Initiated in May 2021, anticipated completion May 2022 •
Team Science Leadership Academy, Iowa State University Vice President for Research Office, Spring 2018 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES
2018-Present Executive Director, National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Office of the Vice President for Research, Iowa State University About NIAMRRE: Under my leadership, Iowa State University was competitively selected by the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities and the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges to serve as the host for NIAMRRE. The mission of the Institute is to drive cross-sector engagement and coordinated action to combat the global threat of antimicrobial resistance across humans, animals, and the environment. At present, NIAMRRE comprises 31 member institutions including nine tier-1 academic research institutions, 12 industry members (for example Merck Animal Health, Hormel, Neogen) and 10 additional stakeholder or commodity groups (for example National Pork Board, National Institute of Animal Agriculture, Farm Foundation). Collectively, the membership represents roughly 1000 scientists with expertise essential for addressing the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (including antifungal resistance). Our efforts include the full breadth of agriculture, from antifungal use on vegetables and row crops to precision livestock farming innovation. Likewise, our efforts emphasize multi-disciplinary approaches with heavy involvement of social scientists, economists, and policy experts.
Responsibilities:
Provide daily oversight, leadership and vision for the collaborative efforts of the membership and the operation center
• Serve as the public-facing thought leader and representative of the organization
• Engage and build strong relationships with diverse stakeholders • Maintain functional knowledge of a wide variety of disciplines and topics relevant to antimicrobial resistance
• Work to build the brand and awareness of the organization • Identify, coalesce and support multi-disciplinary teams of researchers, bridging public/private partnerships
• Promote an inclusive and diverse community Achievements: • Developed membership of over 30 with accelerated growth in the last year
• Represented the organization at many high-stakes public engagements including congressional and HHS meetings, Department of State training, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) meetings, USDA, FDA, CDC and EPA • Led advocacy efforts successful at securing multi-million dollar “plus-up” appropriation to USDA APHIS with intent language for recurring appropriations
• Built strong professional networks and relationships with key leadership among USDA, FDA, CDC, EPA and NIH 2020-Present Professor and Anderson Chair in Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department and Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Responsibilities: • Serve as instructor-in-charge for core food animal medicine course and advanced clinical medicine electives
• Lead a multi-disciplinary research team that addresses clinically relevant food-safety and zoonotic disease bacteriology and antimicrobial resistance • Provide tertiary level clinical consults on food animal internal medicine for veterinarians around the country
• Deliver veterinary continuing education programming Achievements: • Developed a research program that has garnered over $20m USD in funding from NIH, USDA, CDC, Gates Foundation, Walmart Foundation and other entities. • Published 86 peer-reviewed scientific articles, edited 3 textbooks, 28 book chapters, and over 120 scientific abstracts. • Excellence in teaching evidenced by instructor evaluations that have averaged around 4.7 (5.0 scale) over the last ten years, and national veterinary board exam scores that are significantly higher than the national average in the subjects that I teach • Mentored 24 graduate students and postdocs 2011-Present Extension Specialist for Small Ruminants Iowa State University Extension and Outreach Responsibilities:
• Provide primary extension support for producer questions related to small ruminant health and management • Deliver extension programing for small ruminant producers across Iowa
• Deliver veterinary continuing education • Assist the Iowa State University Dairy Extension Team Achievements: • Only individual in the US to hold board certification in small ruminant health and management 2016-2020 Associate Professor with Tenure Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department and Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Responsibilities: • Listed under Professor above 2010 - 2016 Assistant Professor Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department and Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Responsibilities:
• Listed under Professor above 2007 - 2010 Ruminant Clinician and PhD Candidate Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department and Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Responsibilities: • Provide primary teaching hospital service for the food and fiber animal clinic • Laboratory research 2004 - 2007 Adjunct Instructor and PhD Candidate Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Department 2001-2004 Large Animal Medicine Resident University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department 2000 - 2001 Large Animal Medicine and Surgery Intern Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department
VETERINARY PRACTICE CREDENTIALS
State Veterinary Licenses Years State License number 2004 – present Iowa 7186 Also hold “Inactive- in good standing” licenses in Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas. AWARDS Year Award 2021 Distinguished Fellow, National Academies of Practice: Veterinary Medicine (notified Nov 2021) 2021 Honorary Diplomate, American Veterinary Epidemiology Society 2020 Anderson Endowed Chair in Veterinary Medicine This Endowed Chair position is appointed by the Dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine and provides endowed annual funding for research and teaching development. 2017 Iowa State University Early Career Achievement Award for Research Excellence 2016 Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Early Career Achievement in Research Award 2015 Zoetis Excellence in Veterinary Research Award, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine 2014 Zoetis Distinguished Veterinary Teacher Award, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine 2009 University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine First Decade Achievement Award
LEADERSHIP POSITIONS EXTERNAL TO THE UNIVERSITY
• Presidential Advisory Council for Combating Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria (PAC-CARB), Voting member appointed 2020-2024. In this capacity I serve as one of fifteen voting members selected by the President of the United States and the US Department of Health and Human Services to advise on mechanisms to combat antimicrobial resistance. In 2021, I also served as the co-chair of a working group commissioned by the Assistant Secretary of Health to provide recommendations on using Interprofessional Education as a means of improving antimicrobial stewardship across one health.
• United States Department of Agriculture Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Animal Health – Member since 2019, representing Veterinary Medicine and appointed by the United States Secretary of Agriculture.
• American Veterinary Medical Association Committee of Antimicrobials (Alternate representative of American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners). This committee provides oversight and direction to the AVMA and its members regarding antibiotic stewardship, antibiotic policy and help in addressing needs of the organization related to international antimicrobial policy. • Small Ruminant Chair, American Veterinary Medical Association Panel on Depopulation. This panel is responsible for developing humane management plans to deal with depopulation of livestock in emergency situations such as outbreaks of Foreign Animal Diseases.
• American Veterinary Medical Association Panel on Euthanasia. I serve as the small ruminant expert on the Food and Fiber Livestock subpanel. • Chair, American Dairy Goat Association Research Foundation Trustees. • Chair, American Dairy Goat Association National Show Youth Activities Committee.
SCHOLARSHIP
Referred Publications (Asterisk indicates trainee Dr. Plummer was involved in mentoring) 86. Mbindyo CM*, Gitao GC, Plummer PJ, Kulohoma BW, Mulei CM, Bett R. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Genes of Staphylococci Isolated from Mastitic Cow's Milk in Kenya. Antibiotics, 2021. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10070772. 85. Beyi AF*, Hassall A, Phillips GJ, Plummer PJ. Tracking Reservoirs of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in a Complex Microbial Community Using Metagenomic Hi-C: The Case of Bovine Digital Dermatitis. Antibiotics, 2021. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10020221 84. Beyi AF*, Brito-Goulart D*, Hawbecker T*, Ruddell B*, Hassall A, Dewell R, Dewell G, Sahin, O, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ. Danofloxacin Treatment Alters the Diversity and Resistome Profile of Gut Microbiota in Calves. Microorganisms, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102023 83. Beyi AF*, Brito-Goulart D*, Hawbecker T*, Ruddell B*, Hassall A, Dewell R, Dewell G, Sahin, O, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ. Enrofloxacin Alters Fecal Microbiota and Resistome Irrespective of Its Dose in Calves. Microorganisms, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102162 82. Bari F*, Wodaje H, Said U, Waktole H, Sombo W, Leta S, Chibsa T, Plummer PJ. First molecular detection of hepatitis E virus genome in camel and pig fecal samples in Ethiopia. Virology Journal, 2021. 81. Yaeger M, Mochel JP, Wu Z, Plummer PJ, Sahin O, Smith J, Ocal M, Beyi A, Xu C, Zhang Q, Griffith RW. Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in pregnant ewes (Ovis aries) challenged with Campylobacter jejuni. Plos One, 2021 80. Hempstead MN*, Lindquist TM, Shearer JK, Shearer LC, Cave VM and Plummer PJ. Welfare Assessment of 30 Dairy Goat Farms in the Midwestern United States. Front. Vet. Sci., 2021. 8:646715. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.646715 79. Hempstead MN*, Lindquist TM, Shearer JK, Shearer LC, and Plummer PJ. Health and Welfare Survey of 30 Dairy Goat Farms in the Midwestern United States. Animals, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072007 78. Smith JS, Viall AK, Breuer RM, Walton RA, Plummer PJ, Griffith RW, Kreuder AJ. Preliminary Investigation of Bovine Whole Blood Xenotransfusion as a Therapeutic Modality for the Treatment of Anemia in Goats. Front. Vet. Sci., 2021. 77. Plummer PJ, Hempstead MN, Shearer JK, Lindquist TM. Evaluating the Welfare of Small Ruminants: Practical Management Advice. Vet Clin Food Anim, 2021. 37, 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.11.001 76. Smith JS, Schleining JS, Plummer PJ. Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Applications and Strategies. Vet Clin Food Anim, 2021. 37, 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.12.005 75. Smith JS, Schleining JS, Plummer PJ. Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Analgesic Agents. Vet Clin Food Anim, 2021. 37, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.12.001 74. Wu Z, Yaeger MJ, Sahin O, Xu C, Beyi AF, Plummer PJ, Ocal M, Zhang Q. A Homologous Bacterin Protects Sheep against Abortion Induced by a Hypervirulent Campylobacter jejuni Clone. Vaccines, 2020. Nov 6;8(4):662. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8040662. PMID: 33172100; PMCID: PMC7711547 73. Hempstead MN*, Fowler JL, Shearer JK, Plummer PJ. Evaluation of a multi-pump air pistol as a method for euthanizing young dairy goat kids. Am J Vet Res, 2020. Nov;81(11):866-871. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.81.11.866. PMID: 33107752. 72. Ruddell B*, Hassall A, Sahin O, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ, Kreuder AJ. Role of metAB in Methionine Metabolism and Optimal Chicken Colonization in Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun, 2020. Dec 15;89(1):e00542-20. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00542-20. PMID: 33046508. 71. Hempstead MN*, Lindquist TM, Shearer JK, Shearer LC, Sutherland MA, Plummer PJ. Acute cortisol and behavior of dairy goat kids administered local anesthesia, topical anesthesia or systemic analgesia prior to cautery disbudding. Physiol Behav, 2020. Aug 1;222:112942. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112942. PMID: 32387120. 70. Paudyal S, Manriquez D, Velasquez A, Shearer JK, Plummer PJ, Melendez P, Callan RJ, Sorge US, Bothe H, Velez J, Pinedo PJ. Efficacy of non-antibiotic treatment options for digital dermatitis on an organic dairy farm. Vet J, 2020. Jan;255:105417. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105417. PMID: 31982084. 69. Smith JS, Kreuder AJ, Dowling PM, Dohlman TM, Plummer PJ, Toutain PL, Mochel JP. Re: "Evaluation of Enrofloxacin for Use in Cryopreservation of Zebu Bull (Bos indicus) Semen" by Ishaq et al. (Biopreserv Biobank 2019;17(6):546-552, DOI: 10.1089/bio.2018.0133). Biopreserv Bioban,. 2020. Feb;18(1):41-42. doi: 10.1089/bio.2019.0068. PMID: 31674793. 68. Redding L, Brooks C, Georgakakos C, Habing G, Rosenkrantz L, Dahlstrom M, and Plummer PJ. Addressing Individual Values to Impact Prudent Antimicrobial Prescribing in Animal Agriculture. Front. Vet. Sci., 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00297 67. Yaeger M, Wu Z, Plummer PJ, Sahin O, Ocal M, Beyi A, Xu C, Zhang Q, Griffith R. Experimental evaluation of Tulathromycin as a treatment for Campylobacter jejuni abortion in pregnant ewes. Am J Vet Res, 2020. 81 (3), 205-209. 66. Kreuder AJ, Ruddell B*, Mou K, Hassall A, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ. Small non-coding RNA CjNC110 influences motility, autoagglutination, AI-2 localization, and chicken colonization in Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun, 2020. Jun 22;88(7):e00245-20 65. Hempstead M*, Lindquist T, Shearer JK, Shearer L, Sutherland M, Plummer PJ. Cortisol response of dairy goat kids administered lidocaine injections, topical EMLA cream or meloxicam prior to cautery disbudding. Journal of Animal Science, 2019. 97 3-4. 64. Ghaisas S, Langley M, Palanisamy B, Dutta S, Narayanaswamy K, Plummer PJ, Sarkar S, Ay M, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy A. MitoPark transgenic mouse model recapitulates the gastrointestinal dysfunction and gut-microbiome changes of Parkinson’s disease. NeuroToxicology, 2019. 75 186-199. 63. Kurt T, Wong N, Fowler H, Gay C, Lillehoj H, Plummer PJ, Scott HM and Hoelzer K. Strategic priorities for research on antibiotic alternatives in animal agriculture. Front. Vet. Sci., 2019. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00429 62. Sorge U, Binger E, Schefers J, Plummer PJ. Metagenomic evaluation of skin biopsies of udder sores in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 2019. 102:12, 11470-11475 61. Smith J*, Borts D, Slagel C, Rajewski S, Bousquet-Melou A, Ferran A, Plummer PJ, Mochel J. Pharmacokinetics of Ertapenem in Sheep (Ovis aries) with Experimentally Induced Urinary Tract Infection. Comparative Medicine, 2019. 69:5 413-418. 60. Dai L, Wu Z, Xu C, Sahin O, Yaeger M, Plummer PJ, Zhang Q. The Rho-independent transcription terminator for the porA gene enhances expression of the major outer membrane protein and Campylobacter jejuni virulence in abortion induction. Infect Immun, 2019. 00687-19. 59. Xia J, Pang J, Tang Y, Wu Z, Dai L, Singh K, Xu C, Ruddell B, Kreuder A, Xia L, Ma X, Brooks K, Ocal M, Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Griffith RW, Zhang Q. High Prevalence of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter Bacteria in Sheep and Increased Campylobacter Counts in the Bile and Gallbladders of Sheep Medicated with Tetracycline in Feed. App Env Micro, 2019. 85 (11), e00008-19. 58. Kreuder AJ*, Lashley V, Yaeger M, Schleining J, Plummer PJ. Histopathology and spatial distribution of putative growth factors in relation to bacterial localization of Campylobacter jejuni within the ovine gallbladder. Front Vet Sci, 2019. 6, 226. 57. Smith DR, Gaunt PS, Plummer PJ, Cervantes HM, Davies P, Fajt VR, Frey E, Jay-Russell MT, Lehenbauer TW, Papich MG, Parker TM, Phipps EC, Scheftel JM, Schnabel LV, Singer RS, Whaley JE, Wishnie JK, Wright LR, Costin M. The AVMA's definitions of antimicrobial uses for prevention, control, and treatment of disease. JAVMA, 2019. 254: 792-797. 56. Wolff PL, Blanchong JA, Nelson DD, Plummer PJ. Detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in Pneumonic Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus) Kids. J Wildl Dis, 2019. 55:206-212. 55. Plummer PJ, McClure JT, Menzies P, et al. Management of Coxiella burnetii infection in livestock populations and the associated zoonotic risk: A consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med, 2018. 32:1481-1494. 54. Blanchong JA, Anderson CA, Clark NJ, Plummer PJ. Respiratory disease, behavior, and survival of mountain goat kids. Journal of Wildlife Management, 2018. 82:1243-1251. 53. Still Brooks* K, Stensland W, Harmon K, O'Connor A, Plummer P. Risk of exposure to Coxiella burnetti from ruminant livestock exhibited at Iowa agricultural fairs. Zoonoses Public Health, 2018. 52. Orsel K, Plummer P, Shearer J, De Buck J, Carter SD, Guatteo R, Barkema HW. Missing pieces of the puzzle to effectively control digital dermatitis. Transbound Emerg Dis., 2017. 1–13. 51. Wilson-Welder J, Nally J, Alt D, Palmer M, Coatney J, Plummer P. Experimental transmission of Bovine Digital Dermatitis to sheep: Development of an infection model. Vet Path, 2018. Vol. 55(2) 245-257 50. Plummer P, Shearer JK, Kleinhenz KE, Shearer LC. Determination of anatomic landmarks for optimal placement of captive bolt euthanasia in goats. Am J Vet Res., 2018. 79 (3), 276-281. 49. Burrough E, Arruda B, Plummer P. Comparison of the Luminal and Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in the Colon of Pigs with and without Swine Dysentery. Front Vet Sci, 2017. 48. Washburn K, Fajt V, Plummer P, Papastavros E, Coetzee J, Wulf L, Washburn S. Pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline in maternal plasma and in fetal tissues following oral administration to pregnant ewes. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2018. 41:218-223. 47. Plummer P, Krull A*. Clinical Perspectives of Digital Dermatitis in Dairy and Beef Cattle. Vet Clinics of North America: Food Animal, 2017. 33(2): 165-181. 46. Kreuder A*, Schleining J, Yaeger M, Zhang Q, Plummer P. RNAseq reveals complex response of Campylobacter jejuni to ovine bile and in vivo gallbladder environment. Front Micro, 2017. 8:940. 45. Sahin O, Terhorst S, Burrough E, Shen Z, Wu Z, Dai L, Tang Y, Plummer P, Yaeger M, Zhang Q, and Ji J. Key role of capsular polysaccharide in the induction of systemic infection and abortion by hypervirulent Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Imm, 2017. 23;85(6). 44. Plummer PJ, Mou K*, Clark T, Severin A. Methods for genome-wide methylome profiling of Campylobacter jejuni. Methods Mol Biol, 2017. 1512:199-210. 43. Wu Z, Periaswamy B, Sahin O, Yaeger M, Plummer P, Zhai W, Shen Z, Chen S, Zhang Q. Point mutations in the major outer membrane protein drive hypervirulence of a rapidly expanding clone of Campylobacter jejuni. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 2016. 113(38):10690-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1605869113. 42. Shen Z, Patil R, Sahin O, Wu Z, Pu X, Dai L, Plummer P, Yaeger M, Zhang Q. Identification and functional analysis of two toxin-antitoxin systems in Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol, 2016. 101(6):909-23. doi: 10.1111/mmi.13431. 41. Mou K*, Plummer P. The role of LuxS in Campylobacter jejuni cell morphology and efflux pump expression mediates increased virulence in animal models. Vet Micro, 2016. 40. Krull A*, Cooper V, Shearer J, Gorden P, Plummer PJ. A Highly Effective Protocol for the Rapid and Consistent Induction of Digital Dermatitis in Holstein Calves. Plos One, 2016. 11(4): e0154481. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0154481 39. Krull A*, Shearer J, Gorden P, Scott HM, Plummer PJ. Digital Dermatitis: Natural Lesion Progression and Regression in Holstein Dairy Cattle Over Three Years. Journal of Dairy Science, 2016. 99:1–14 http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10535 38. Plummer PJ, Coatney J*. Impact of camel disease on human welfare in East Africa. Commissioned Review Paper. CAB Reviews, 2015. 10:038. 37. Meyers M, Bahnson C, Hanlon M, Kopral C, Srisinlapaudom S, Cochrane Z, Sabas C, Saiyasombat R, Burrough E, Plummer PJ, O’Connor A, Marshall K, Blitvich B. Management factors associated with operation-level prevalence of antibody to Cache Valley virus and other Bunyamwera serogroup viruses in sheep in the United States. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Disease, 2015. (11), 683-693. 36. Burrough ER, Arruda BL, Patience JF, Plummer PJ. Alterations in the Colonic Microbiota of Pigs Associated with Feeding Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. Plos One, 2015. 10:11, e0141337. 35. Shearer JK, Plummer PJ, Schleining J. Perspectives on the Treatment of Claw Lesions in Cattle. Commissioned Review Article. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 2015. 6:273–292. 34. Phillips P, Plummer PJ, Krull A*, Dohlman T, Kreuder A*. Diagnosis and clinical management of a spontaneous pre-partum uterine rupture in an Angus heifer carrying twins. Clinical Theriogenology, 2015. 7,2:109-114. 33. Mou K*, Muppirala U, Severin A, Clark T, Plummer PJ. A comparative analysis of methylome profiles of Campylobacter jejuni sheep abortion isolate and gastroenteric strains using PacBio data. Front Micro, 2015. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00782 32. Hanthorn C*, Dewell G, Dewell R, Cooper V, Wang C, Plummer PJ, Lakritz J.. Serum haptoglobin and haptoglobin-matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Hp-MMP 9) complex of calves in a bacterial respiratory challenge model. BMC Veterinary Research, 2014. 10:285. 31. Johnson G, Bahnson C, Ishii P, Cochrane Z, Plummer PJ, Bartholomay L, Blitvich B. Monitoring sheep and Culicoides midges in Montana for evidence of Bunyamwera serogroup virus infection. Vet Rec Open, 2014. 1:e000071. doi:10.1136/vetreco-2014-000071 30. Leuschen B, Ensley S, Plummer PJ. Ergot Toxicosis causes death in weaned beef calves. Bov Pract, 2014. 48:2. 134-138. 29. Kleinhenz KE*, Plummer PJ, Danielson J, Burzette RG, Gorden P, Coetzee J, Schleining JA, Cooper V, Leuschen B, Krull A, Shearer L, Shearer JK. Survey of Veterinarians and Hoof Trimmers on Methods Applied to Treat Claw Lesions in Dairy Cattle. Bov Pract, 2014. 48(1) 47-52. 28. Washburn K, Fajt VR, Plummer PJ, Coetzee J, Wulf L, Washburn S. Pharmacokinetics of oral chlortetracycline in non-pregnant adult ewes. J of Vet Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2014. 37,607--610. doi:10.1111/jvp.121 27. Krull AC*, Shearer JK, Gorden PJ, Cooper VL, Phillips GJ, Plummer PJ. Deep Sequencing Analysis Reveals the Temporal Microbiota Changes Associated with the Development of Bovine Digital Dermatitis. Infect and Immun, 2014. pii: IAI.02077-14. 26. Hanthorn CJ*, Dewell RD, Cooper VL, Frana TS, Plummer PJ, Wang C, Dewell GA. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the pathogenicity of Bibersteinia trehalosi in respiratory disease among calves. BMC Vet Res, 2014. 10(1):89. 25. Wu Z, Sippy R, Sahin O, Plummer P, Vidal A, Newell D, and Zhang Q. Genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni isolates associated with sheep abortion in the United States and Great Britain. J Clin Microbiol, 2014. 52(6):1853-61. 24. Kuehn JS*, Gorden P, Munro D, Rong R, Dong Q, Plummer PJ, Wang C, Phillips G. Bacterial community profiling of milk samples as a means to understand culture-negative bovine clinical mastitis. PLoS One, 2013. 8(4):e61959. doi: 10.1371 PMID: 23634219 23. Plummer P, and Schleining J. Assessment and management of pain in small ruminants and camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America – Food Animal Practice, 2013. 29(1):185-208 22. Plummer P. LuxS and quorum-sensing in Campylobacter. Front Cell Infect Micro, 2012. 2:22. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00022. 21. Sippy R, Sandoval-Green CM, Sahin O, Plummer P, Fairbanks WS, Zhang Q, Blanchong JA. Occurrence and molecular analysis of Campylobacter in wildlife on livestock farms. Vet Micro, 2012. 157(3-4):369-75. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.026. PMID: 22266157 20. Sahin O, Fitzgerald C, Zhao S, Sippy R, Plummer PJ, Han J, Yaeger M, Zhang Q. Molecular Evidence for Zoonotic Transmission of an Emergent Highly Pathogenic Campylobacter jejuni Clone. J of Clin Micro, 2012. 50(3):680-7. doi: 10.1128/JCM.06167-11. PMID: 22189122 19. Plummer P, Sahin O, Burrough E, Sippy R, Mou K, Rabenold J, Yaeger M, Zhang Q. The role of LuxS in the virulence of Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun, 2012. 80(2):585-93. doi: 10.1128/IAI.05766-11. PMID: 22144479 18. O’Connor A, Gould S, Coetzee J, Kreuder A, Plummer PJ. What is the evidence? Intraperitoneal (IP) antibiotics during abdominal surgery on dairy cattle. JAVMA, 2011. 239(3):314-316. doi: 10.2460/javma.239.3.314. PMID: 21801043 17. Kreuder AJ*, Coetzee JF, Wulf LW, Schleining JA, KuKanich B, Layman LL, Plummer PJ. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam in llamas. BMC Vet Research, 2012. 8:85. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-85. PMID: 22720782 16. Burrough ER, Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Diverde KD, Zhang Q, Yaeger MJ. Efficacy of two commercial ovine Campylobacter jejuni vaccines and an experimental bacterin in a guinea pig model. Am J Vet Res, 2011. 72(6):799-805. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.6.799. PMID: 21627526 15. Burrough ER, Diverde KD, Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Zhang Q, Yaeger MJ. Expression of Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 in Subplacental Trophoblasts From Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) Following Infection With Campylobacter jejuni. Vet Path, 2011. 48(2):381-8. doi: 10.1177/0300985810375809. PMID: 20634415 14. Plummer PJ , Zhu J, Akiba M, Pei D, Zhang Q. Identification of a key amino acid of LuxS involved in AI-2 production in Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS One, 2011. 6(1):e15876. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015876. PMID: 21264316 13. Gorden PJ, Plummer PJ. Control, management, and prevention of bovine respiratory disease in dairy calves and cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America – Food Animal Practice, 2010. 26(2):243-59. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.03.004. PMID: 20619182 12. Luangtongkum T, Jeon B, Han J, Plummer P, Logue CM, Zhang Q. Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter: emergence, transmission and persistence. Future Micro, 2009. 4(2):189-200. doi: 10.2217/17460913.4.2.189. PMID: 19257846 11. Burrough ER, Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Zhang Q, Yaeger MJ. Pathogenicity of an emergent, ovine abortifacient Campylobacter jejuni clone orally inoculated into pregnant guinea pigs. Am J Vet Res, 2009. 70(10):1269-76. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1269. PMID: 19795942 10. Funk L, O’Connor AM, Maroney M, Engelken T, Cooper VL, Kinyon J, Plummer PJ. A randomized and blinded field trial to assess the efficacy of an autogenous vaccine to prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivits (IBK) in beef calves. Vaccine, 2009. 27(34):4585-90. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.082. PMID: 19531391 9. Yun J, Jeon B, Barton YW, Plummer P, Zhang Q, Ryu S. Role of Dks-like protein in the pathogenesis and diverse metabolic activity of Campylobacter jejuni. J Bact, 2008. 190(13):4512-20. doi: 10.1128/JB.00105-08. PMID: 18456813 8. Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Jordan DM, Sulaj K, Pereira S, Robbe-Austerman S, Wang L, Yaeger MJ, Hoffman LJ, Zhang Q. Emergence of a tetracyline-resistant Campylobacter jejuni clone associated with outbreaks of ovine abortion in the United States. J Clin Micro, 2008. 46(5): 1663-71. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00031-08. PMID: 18322054 7. Guo B, Wang Y, Shi F, Barton YW, Plummer PJ, Reynolds DL, Nettleton D, Grinnage-Pulley T, Lin J, Zhang Q. CmeR functions as a pleotrophic regulator and is required for optimal colonization of Campylobacter jejuni in vivo. J Bact, 2008. 190(6):1879-90. doi: 10.1128/JB.01796-07. PMID: 18178742 6. Plummer PJ. Molecular Diagnostics for the Food Animal Practitioner. Veterinary Clinics of North America – Food Animal Practice, 2007. 23(3):481-501, vi. PMID:17920458 5. Plummer PJ. Congenital renal dysplasia in a 7-month-old quarter horse colt. Veterinary Clinics of North America – Equine Practice, 2006. 22(1):e63-9. PMID: 16627095 4. Plummer PJ. Malabsorptive maldigestive disorder with concurrent Salmonella in a 3-year-old quarter horse. Veterinary Clinics of North America – Equine Practice, 2006. 22(1):85-94. PMID: 16627107 3. Plummer PJ, Rohrbach B, Daugherty RA. Effect of intranasal vaccination against bovine enteric coronavirus on the occurrence of respiratory disease in a commercial backgrounding feedlot. JAVMA, 2004. 225:726-731. PMID: 15457667 2. Harpold L, Legendre A, Kennedy M, Plummer PJ, Millsaps K, Rohrbach B. Fecal shedding of feline coronavirus in adult cats and kittens in an Abyssinian cattery. JAVMA, 1999. 215: 948-951. PMID: 10511857 1. Plummer PJ, Alefantis T, Kaplan S, O'Connell P, Shawky S, Schat KA.. Detection of duck enteritis virus by polymerase chain reaction. Avian Diseases, 1998. 42:554-564. PMID: 9777156 Patents • ISURF Application Number: 62415750 Filing date: 11/01/2016 Title: “Campylobacter jejuni peptide for vaccine development” • ISURF No. 04258 Docket No. P11247US00 Title: “Animal model protocol, diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccine against digital dermatitis” Consensus Statements or Policy Guidance 6. Working group Co-Chair for the Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria report entitled “Advancing Interprofessional Education (IPE) and Practice to Combat AMR:IPE Working Group (WG) Report and Recommendations”. Report passed with unanimous consent of the PACCARB on June 29, 2021. 5. Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria report entitled “Bridging the Gap: Improving Antimicrobial Access and Use Across One Health: Antibiotic Access and Use WG Report and Recommendations”. Report passed with unanimous consent of the PACCARB on June 29, 2021. 4. Project lead - Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens Affecting Animal Health in the United States. AVMA/Committee on Antimicrobials. Published September 2020 3. Chair – Small Ruminant Depopulation Panel – American Veterinary Medical Association. Published in JAVMA March 2019. 2. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Consensus Statement on Coxiella in Large Animals. Chair of the consensus panel. Report published: Plummer PJ, McClure JT, Menzies P, et al. Management of Coxiella burnetii infection in livestock populations and the associated zoonotic risk: A consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med 2018;32:1481-1494. 1. Prevention and Control of Coxiella burnetii Infection among Humans and Animals: Guidance for a Coordinated Public Health and Animal Health Response, 2013. Policy Guidance commissioned by The National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians and National Assembly of State Animal Health Officials. Served as content expert. Document available at http://nasphv.org/Documents/Q_Fever_2013.pdf Textbook Editing 4. Johnson, T. J., and Plummer, P. The Animal Microbiome in Health and Disease. Lausanne: Frontiers Media SA. doi: 10.3389/978-2-88963-900-7 2020. 3. Kudva I, Cornick N, Plummer PJ, Zhang Q, Nicholson T, Bannantine J, Bellaire B. Virulence Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogens. 5th Ed. Reprint Summer 2020. 2. Yaeger M, Coatney J, Diolo M. and Plummer P. Camel Digital Necropsy Guide. Book distributed by USAID. 2017 1. Kudva I, Cornick N, Plummer PJ, Zhang Q, Nicholson T, Bannantine J, Bellaire B. Virulence Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogens. 5th Ed. Spring 2016. Book Chapters 28. Plummer PJ, Hempstead MN, Shearer JK, Lindquist TM. Evaluating the Welfare of Small Ruminants: Practical Management Advice. Vet Clin Food Anim, 2021. 37:33–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.11.001 27. Smith JS, Schleining JS, Plummer PJ. Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Applications and Strategies. Vet Clin Food Anim, 2021. 37:17–31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.12.005 26. Smith JS, Schleining JS, Plummer PJ. Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Analgesic Agents. Vet Clin Food Anim, 2021. 37:1–16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.12.001 25. Plummer PJ. Coxiella. Merck Veterinary Manual. 12th Ed. In Press. 24. Kreuder A and Plummer P. Chapter 48B Ovine and Caprine Vaccination Programs. Large Animal Internal Medicine. Ed. Bradford Smith. 5th Ed. 2019 23. Plummer P, Still K. Chapter 15 Diseases of the Mammary Gland. Sheep and Goat Medicine. Ed. David Pugh. 3rd Ed. 2020 22. Plummer P, Still K, Bayne J. Chapter 7 Diseases of the Respiratory System. Sheep and Goat Medicine. Ed. David Pugh. 3rd Ed. 2020 21. Plummer P, Krull A. Clinical Perspectives of Digital Dermatitis in Dairy and Beef Cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim, 2017. 33(2): 165-181. 20. Plummer PJ. And Merkel, R. Dairy Goat Quality Assurance and HACCP. In Dairy Goat Production Handbook. American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University. 2016. 19. Plummer PJ. Lameness: Small Ruminant. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 18. Plummer PJ. Digital Dermatitis. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 17. Plummer PJ. Sole Lesions of Dairy Cattle. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 16. Plummer PJ. Caseous Lymphadenitis. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 15. Plummer PJ. Jimsonweed Toxicity (Datura stramonium). Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 14. Plummer PJ. Lameness: Bovine. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 13. Plummer PJ. Milkweed Toxicosis. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 12. Plummer PJ. Oxalate Toxicity. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 11. Plummer PJ, Mou K, Clark T, Severin A. Methods for genome-wide methylome profiling of Campylobacter jejuni. Campylobacter jejuni Methods and Protocols. Springer Protocols: Methods in Molecular Biology 1512. Humana Press. 2017. 10. Plummer PJ. Coxiella. Merck Veterinary Manual. 11th Ed. 2016. 9. Plummer PJ, Kreuder, A. Small Ruminant Vaccination Strategies. In Smith ed.: Large Animal Internal Medicine. 5th Edition. Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis MO. 8. Plummer PJ, Plummer C, and Still K. Mammary Disease. In Pugh and Baird ed.: Sheep and Goat Medicine. 2012 Saunders, Philadelphia PA. 7. Plummer PJ, Plummer C, and Still K. Respiratory Disease. In Pugh and Baird ed.: Sheep and Goat Medicine. 2012 Saunders, Philadelphia PA. 6. Zhang Q, and Plummer PJ. Mechanisms of Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter. In Campylobacter 3rd Edition, Edited by I Nachamkin, C Szymanski and M Blaser. 2008. ASM Press, Herndon VA. 5. Plummer PJ.: Jimsonweed Toxicity (Datura stramonium). In Haskell, ed: Blackwell’s Five-Minute Consult: Ruminant. Ames; Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 4. Plummer PJ.: Milkweed (Aesclepias spp.) In Haskell, ed: Blackwell’s Five-Minute Consult: Ruminant. Ames; Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 3. Plummer PJ.: Oxalate Toxicity. In Haskell, ed: Blackwell’s Five-Minute Consult: Ruminant. Ames; Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 2. Plummer PJ.: Subcutaneous Masses in Sheep and Goats. In Fubini, Ducharme, eds: Farm Animal Surgery. Philadelphia; WB Saunders Co, 2004. 1. Plummer PJ.: Congenital Defects in Sheep and Goats. In: Fubini, Ducharme, eds. Farm Animal Surgery. Philadelphia; WB Saunders Co, 2004. Abstracts and Oral Presentations at Scientific Meetings Oral Presentations 63. Beyi AF*, Brito-Goulart D*, Hawbecker T*, Ruddell B*, Hassall A, Dewell R, Dewell G, Sahin, O, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ. Enrofloxacin Alters Fecal Microbiota and Resistome Irrespective of Its Dose in Calves. National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education Fall Research Symposium. Oct 20, 2021, Virtual. 62. Plummer PJ. Lessons on AMR from the One Health Interface. US-Singapore Joint Third Country Training Workshop on Antimicrobial Resistance Program "One Health and AMR". Virtually hosted by U.S. State Department and the Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Oct 18, 2021, Virtual. 61. Plummer PJ. Studying antibiotic residues and antimicrobial resistance: A One Health Perspective. International Pork Food Safety Conference. Oct 20, 2021, Chongqing, China. 60. Plummer PJ. Antimicrobial Resistance and Inter-professional Education. American Veterinary Medical Association Convention. Jul 31, 2021, Virtual. 59. Krebill C*, Shearer J, Scott HM, Bothe H, Umase S, Sanabria I, Iza E, Baron J, Hernandez R, Plummer PJ. Evaluating the effectiveness of organic therapies on treatment and management of bovine digital dermatitis. Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease. Dec 5-8, 2020, Virtual. 58. Ruddell B*, Hassall A, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ, Kreuder AJ. Characterizing the regulatory interactions of small RNAs CjNC110 and CjNC140 of Campylobacter jejuni IA3902. Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease. Dec 5-8, 2020, Virtual. 57. Beyi AF*, Hawbecker T*, Hassall A, Dewell R, Dewell G, Sahin O, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ. A single subcutaneous injection of enrofloxacin alters gut microbial diversities irrespective of its dose in beef calves. Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease. Dec 5-8, 2020, Virtual. 56. Goulart D*, Schroeder A, Beyi A*, Ocal M, Wu Z, Singh K, Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Dewell G, Dewell R, Zhang Q. The influence of enrofloxacin and danofloxacin on fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni in calves. Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease. Dec 5-8, 2020, Virtual. 55. Kreuder AJ, Ruzante J, Karshenas A, Watkins R, Cajka J, Allpress J, Sahin O, Loy D, Plummer PJ. A pilot Data Coordinating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine. NIAMRRE Knowledge Exchange Virtual Poster Event. Jul 30-31, 2020, Virtual. 54. Goulart D*, Schroeder A, Beyi A*, Ocal M, Wu Z, Singh K, Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Dewell G, Dewell R, Zhang Q. Effect of different fluoroquinolone (FQ) treatments and health status on the development of FQ resistance in calves colonized with either FQ-resistant or FQ-susceptible Campylobacter jejuni. NIAMRRE Knowledge Exchange Virtual Poster Event. Jul 30-31, 2020, Virtual. 53. Beyi AF*, Hassall A, Phillips GJ, Plummer PJ. Tracking reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes in a complex microbial community using Hi-C ProxiMeta metagenome: a case of bovine digital dermatitis. NIAMRRE Knowledge Exchange Virtual Poster Event. Jul 30-31, 2020, Virtual. 52. Hayman KP, Timms LL, Mochel JP, Plummer PJ, Gorden PJ. Determination of the milk pharmacokinetics and depletion of milk residues following intramammary administration of cephapirin sodium in lactating dairy goats. NIAMRRE Knowledge Exchange Virtual Poster Event. Jul 30-31, 2020, Virtual. 51. Krebill C*, Shearer J, Scott HM, Bothe H, Umase S, Sanabria I, Iza E, Baron J, Hernandez R, Plummer PJ. Comparing the efficacy of antibiotic alternatives for the management of contagious digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. NIAMRRE Knowledge Exchange Virtual Poster Event. Jul 30-31, 2020, Virtual. 50. Smith J, Plummer PJ, Mochel JP. Evaluation of the effect of an immunomodulator on bacterial shedding in an ovine urinary infection model. Midwest AMR Consortium Virtual Poster Event . May 26-29, 2020, Virtual. 49. Mochel JP, Schneider BK, Wang J, Smith JS, Plummer PJ. Mathematical modeling of antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and efficacy: A versatile tool to optimize dosing strategies and reduce the risk of resistance development. Midwest AMR Consortium Virtual Poster Event. May 26-29, 2020, Virtual. 48. Krebill C*, Shearer J, Scott HM, Bothe H, Umase S, Sanabria I, Iza E, Baron J, Hernandez R, Plummer PJ. Comparing the efficacy of antibiotic alternatives for the management of contagious digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. Midwest AMR Consortium Virtual Poster Event. May 26-29, 2020, Virtual. 47. Hayman KP, Timms LL, Mochel JP, Plummer PJ, Gorden PJ. Determination of the milk pharmacokinetics and depletion of milk residues following intramammary administration of cephapirin sodium in lactating dairy goats. Midwest AMR Consortium Virtual Poster Event. May 26-29, 2020, Virtual. 46. Goulart D*, Schroeder A, Beyi A*, Ocal M, Wu Z, Singh K, Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Dewell G, Dewell R, Zhang Q. Effect of enrofloxacin treatment on the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter in cattle. Midwest AMR Consortium Virtual Poster Event . May 26-29, 2020, Virtual. 45. Beyi AF*, Hawbecker T*, Hassall A, Dewell R, Dewell G, Sahin O, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ. A single subcutaneous injection of enrofloxacin alters gut microbial diversities irrespective of its dose in beef calves. Midwest AMR Consortium Virtual Poster Event. May 26-29, 2020, Virtual. 44. Beyi AF*, Hawbecker T*, Slagel C*, Ruddell B*, Hassall A, Dewell R, Dewell G, Sahin O, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ. Treatment of bovine respiratory disease with danofloxacin changed diversity and resistome profile of gut microbiota and abundance of Campylobacter in beef calves. Midwest AMR Consortium Virtual Poster Event. May 26-29, 2020, Virtual. 43. Wu Z, Xu C, Sahin O, Yaeger MJ, Plummer PJ, Zhang Q. Vaccination and Host-Pathogen Responses for Campylobacter-Induced Sheep Abortion Using an Experimental Challenge Model. NC-1202 Meeting: Enteric Diseases of Food Animals: Enhanced Prevention, Control and Food Safety. 2019, Chicago, IL. 42. Wu Z, Xu C, Yaeger MJ, Sahin O, Beyi A, Plummer PJ, Zhang Q. Dual RNA-seq reveals the host-pathogen responses in sheep placenta infected by Campylobacter jejuni. International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter & Related Organisms (CHRO). Sept 8-11, 2019, Belfast, Northern Ireland. 41. Sato Y, Rauk B, Plummer PJ, Li G, Baker M. 16s Phylogenomic Analysis of Environmental and Tissue Microbiota for Correlating Management Strategies Related to Incidence of Clostridial Dermatitis in Turkeys. American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP) Annual Meeting. Aug 2-5, 2019, Washington, DC. 40. Sahin O, Wu Z, Yaeger MJ, Plummer PJ, Lashley V, Ocal M, Zhang Q. Development of an experimental challenge model for Campylobacter jejuni induced abortion in sheep. International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter & Related Organisms. Sept 8-11, 2019, Belfast, Northern Ireland. 39. Goulart D*, Beyi A*, Wilson S, Dewell R, Dewell GA, Plummer PJ, Ocal M, Wu Z, Singh K, Dai L, Xu C, Xia J, Ruddell B, Zhang Q, Sahin O. Effect of danofloxacin treatment on the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni in cattle. Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease. Nov 5, 2019, Chicago IL. 38. Beyi A*, Hawbecker T, Slagel C, Ruddell B, Hassall A, Dewell R, Dewell G, Sahin O, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ. Alterations of Gut Microbiota Following Treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease with Danofloxacin in Beef Calves. Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease. Nov 5, 2019, Chicago IL. 37. Hempstead M*, Stilwell G, Plummer PJ. Overview of indicators to assess on-farm welfare of sheep and goats. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners session at the American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Conference. Sept 13, 2019, St. Louis, MO. 36. Hempstead M*, Waas J, Stewart M, Sutherland M, Fowler J, Plummer PJ. Best-practice recommendations for disbudding dairy goat kids. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners session at the American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Conference. Sept 13, 2019, St. Louis, MO. 35. Wilson-Welder JH, Nally J, Alt AP, Palmer M, Plummer P. Development of a Digital Dermatitis Model in Sheep. 19th International Symposium and 11th International Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Sept 6-9, 2017, Munich, Germany. 34. Still Brooks K*, Millmann S, Hempsted M, Plummer P. Pain responses associated with four caprine disbudding methodologies: heat cautery, clove oil injection, short-term application of caustic paste, and freezing. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners meeting in conjunction with American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Conference. Sept 14-16, 2017, Omaha NE. 33. Kreuder AJ*, Yaeger MJ, Schleining JA, Plummer PJ. RNAseq reveals complex response of Campylobacter jejuni to the ovine gallbladder environment. American Society of Microbiology North Central Branch Annual Meeting. Oct 2016, Ames, IA. 32. Plummer PJ. Progress on the food animal microbiome and relevance to veterinary diagnostic medicine...using next generation sequencing to unravel complex infectious diseases. Iowa State University Microbiome Symposium. Sept 23, 2016, Ames, IA. 31. Plummer PJ. The Changing Face of Microbiology in the 21st Century: Implications and opportunities for Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine. Plenary talk for the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Meeting held in Conjunction with the US Animal Health Association Meeting. Oct15, 2016, Greensboro, North Carolina. 30. Plummer PJ. Progress on the food animal microbiome and relevance to veterinary diagnostic medicine...using next generation sequencing to unravel complex infectious diseases. Plenary talk for the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Meeting held in Conjunction with the US Animal Health Association Meeting. Oct 15, 2016, Greensboro, North Carolina. 29. Burrough ER, Arruda BL, Plummer P. Comparison of the luminal and mucosa-associated microbiota in the spiral colon of pigs with and without swine dysentery. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Colonic Spirochaetal Infections in Animals and Humans. Oct 6-7, 2016, Hannover, Germany. 28. Plummer PJ, Coatney J, Schleining J, Kreuder AJ*, Krull A*, Cooper V. Characterization of digital dermatitis-like lesion causing lameness in a breeding ram from Iowa. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Meeting. Sept 15, 2016, Charlotte, North Carolina. 27. Krull A*, Shearer J, Gorden P, Cooper V, Plummer P. Deep sequencing metagenomic analysis of experimentally induced bovine digital dermatitis lesions. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Meeting. Sept15, 2016, Charlotte, North Carolina. 26. Rock C*, Krull A*, Gorden P, Shearer J, Plummer P. Metagenomic evaluation of the dairy farm environment and facilities for evidence of digital dermatitis associated bacteria. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Meeting. Sept 15, 2016, Charlotte, North Carolina. 26. Plummer P. Current Understanding of the Development and Pathogenesis of Digital Dermatitis. Academy of Veterinary Consultants Fall Meeting. Aug 5, 2016, Kansas City, Missouri. 25. Plummer P. Multiomic Approaches to Study Host Pathogen Interactions. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. June 9, 2016, Denver CO. 24. Plummer P. Beyond the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology in Bacterial Pathogens. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. June 9, 2016, Denver CO. 23. Wu Z, Sahin O, Yaeger M, Make B, Chen S, Lashley V, Plummer PJ; Shen Z, Zhang Q. Mutations in an outer membrane protein enhances the virulence of Campylobacter jejuni. Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms International Meeting. Nov 1-5, 2015, Rotorua, New Zealand. 22. Rock C*, Krull A*, Gorden P, Shearer J, Plummer P. Metagenomic evaluation of the dairy farm environment and facilities for evidence of digital dermatitis associated bacteria. 10th International Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Nov 22-25, 2015, Valdivia, Chile. 21. Wilson-Welder J, Nally J, Alt D, Plummer P. Development of a Digital Dermatitis Model in Sheep. 10th International Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Nov 22-25, 2015, Valdivia, Chile. 20. Shearer J, Plummer P, Schleining J, Ju J. Effect of topical treatment with tetracycline soluble powder or copper sulfate on healing of claw lesions. 10th International Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Nov 22-25, 2015, Valdivia, Chile. An additional 19 oral presentations were presented prior to 2015, but left off for brevity. Details available upon request. Poster Presentations 63. King A, Plummer PJ. New Opportunities for Antimicrobial Stewardship? Exploring How Telehealth and New policy Directives Affect Veterinary Practice and Communication. NIAMRRE Annual Conference. April 21, 2021, Virtual. 62. Ruddell B, Hassall A, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ, Kreuder AJ. Investigating the role of methionine production impact on Campylobacter jejuni luxS mutants ability to colonize chickens. Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease. Nov 5, 2019, Chicago IL. 61. Wilson S, Goulart D*, Beyi A*, Adiguzel MC, Dewell R, Dewell GA, Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Zhang Q. Effect of danofloxacin treatment on development of fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter jejuni in cattle. ISU College of Veterinary Medicine Summer Scholars Research Day. Aug 9 2019, Ames, IA. 60. Jessica O, Adiguzel MC, Brito-Goulart D, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ, Dewell GA, Sahin O. Genetic Diversity and mechanism of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus species from companion animals. ISU College of Veterinary Medicine Summer Scholars Research Day. Aug 9 2019, Ames, IA. 59. Hawbecker T*, Beyi A, Slagel C, Ruddell B, Hassall AJ, Dewell R, Dewell GA, Sahin O, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ. Impact of fluoroquinolone treatment on the gastrointestinal microbiome and antibiotic resistance in calves. ISU College of Veterinary Medicine Summer Scholars Research Day. Aug 9 2019, Virtual. 58. Ruddell B*, Hassall A, Zhang Q, Plummer PJ, Kreuder A. Investigating the role of MetAB methionine production on C. jejuni luxS mutants ability to colonize chickens. Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease. Nov 5, 2019, Chicago IL. Awarded Graduate Student Poster Award. 57. Wu Z, Sahin O, Xu C, Beyi A, Yaeger MJ, Plummer PJ, Ocal M, Zhang Q. Efficacy of commercial Campylobacter vaccines and an experimental bacterin in protecting sheep from Campylobacter jejuni induced abortion. ASM Microbe. June 20-24, 2019, San Francisco, CA. 56. Coatney J*, Shearer J, Krull A, Gordon P, Plummer P. Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Therapeutic Interventions for Complete Healing of Advanced Bovine Digital Dermatitis Lesions in Dairy Cows. 19th International Symposium and 11th International Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Sept 6-9, 2017, Munich, Germany 55. Still-Brooks K*, Brewer M, Griffith R, Plummer P. Efficacy of ponazuril in weaned feeder lambs with naturally acquired coccidiosis. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners meeting in conjunction with American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Conference. Sept 14-16, 2017, Omaha, NE. 54. Kreuder A*, Lashley V, Yaeger M, Schleining J, Plummer P. The ovine gallbladder: A protected niche for Campylobacter jejuni? Poster presentation at the American Society of Microbiology North Central Branch Annual Meeting. Oct 2016, Ames, IA. 53. Leiken A*, Plummer P and Sathe S. Metagenomics of the equine uterine microbial environment. Iowa State University Microbiome Symposium. Sept 23, 2016, Ames, IA. 52. Krull A*, Shearer J, Gorden P, Cooper V, Plummer P. Deep sequencing metagenomic analysis of experimentally induced bovine digital dermatitis lesions. Iowa State University Microbiome Symposium. Sept 23, 2016, Ames, IA. 51. Dohlman T, Jahnke M, Krull A, West J, Plummer P. Bovine uterine microbiota during embryo recovery utilizing deep sequencing metagenomic analysis. Iowa State University Microbiome Symposium. Sept 23, 2016, Ames, IA. 50. Kreuder A*, Yaeger M, Schleining J, Plummer P. RNAseq reveals complex response of Campylobacter jejuni to the ovine gallbladder environment. VETPATH Conference on the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Diseases of Animals. Oct 2016, Prato, Italy. 49. Kreuder A* Lashley V, Yaeger M, Schleining J, Plummer P. The ovine gallbladder: A protected niche for Campylobacter jejuni? VETPATH Conference on the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Diseases of Animals. Oct 2016, Prato, Italy. 48. Leiken A*, Plummer P and Sathe S. Metagenomics of the equine uterine microbial environment. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Fall Research Day. Aug 5, 2016, Ames, IA. 47. Coatney J*, Yaeger M, Mekonnen G, Tuli G, Plummer P. The role of camels, camel disease, and access to veterinary care in improving food security in the Afar and Somali regions of Ethiopia. Annual Meeting of the Global Food Safety Consortium. April 13, 2016, Ames, IA. 46. Plummer P, Sahin O, Mullin K, Beal M, Ackermann M, Barbieri N, Li G, Zhang Q, Logue C, and Nolan L. Development and Validation of a Novel Ovine Model of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections caused by Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). American Society for Microbiology General Meeting. Jun 17, 2016, Boston, MA. 45. Krull A*, Cooper V, Coatney J, Shearer J, Gorden P, and Plummer P. Experimental Induction of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Lesions in Naïve Dairy Calves. 10th International Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Nov 22-25, 2015, Valdivia, Chile. 44. Mou K*, Muppirala U, Severin A, Clark T, Boitano M, Plummer P. Comparative methylome analysis of Campylobacter jejuni strains of human and animal origin reveals unique methylation motifs. Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms International Meeting. Nov 1-5, 2015, Rotorua, New Zealand. 43. Sahin O, Terhorst S, Burrough E, Shen Z, Wu Z, Plummer P, Yaeger M, Zhang Q. Key role of capsular polysaccharide in the induction of systemic infection and abortion by Campylobacter jejuni. Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms International Meeting. Nov 1-5, 2015, Rotorua, New Zealand. 42. Coatney J*, Wilson-Welder J, Krull A, Gorden P, Shearer J, Plummer P. Evaluation of the immune response to bovine digital dermatitis associated bacteria following experimental induction of disease and subsequent re-challenge. 10th International Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Nov 22-25, 2015, Valdivia, Chile. 41. Krull A*, Shearer J, Gorden P, Cooper V, Plummer P. Deep sequencing metagenomic analysis of experimentally induced bovine digital dermatitis lesions. 10th International Conference on Lameness in Ruminants. Nov 22-25, 2015, Valdivia, Chile. An additional 40 posters were presented prior to 2015. Details available upon request. Veterinary Continuing Education Presentations (all invited) Meetings With International Attendance: 64. Plummer P. Hurdles to broader development and licensure of small ruminant vaccines. US Animal Health Association Annual Meeting. Oct 19, 2021, Denver, CO. 63. Plummer P. Evidence Based and Practical Approaches to Optimizing Disbudding Practices in Dairy Goat Kids. Small Ruminant Practitioners of Ontario. Aug 24, 2021, Virtual 62. Plummer PJ. Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance Using A Collaborative One Health Approach. University of Tennessee One Health Initiative Seminar Series. Jul 29, 2021, Virtual. 61. Plummer PJ. Antimicrobial Resistance and Inter-professional Education. American Veterinary Medical Association Convention. Jul 31, 2021, Virtual. 60. Plummer PJ, Shearer JK. Evidence Based and Practical Approaches to Optimizing Disbudding Practices in Dairy Goat Kids. Iowa State University Virtual Extension Dairy Goat Continuing Education. Jun 2, 2021, Virtual. 59. Plummer PJ. Lessons From the One Health Interface. Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine Annual Research Day Keynote Presentation. April 12, 2021, Virtual. 58. Plummer PJ. Working to mitigate antimicrobial resistance using a One-Health Approach. McKean/Hurd Keynote lecture. McKean Swine Disease Conference. Nov 5, 2020, Ames, IA. 57. Plummer PJ et al. Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens Affecting Animal Health in the United States. AVMA/Committee on Antimicrobials. Center for Disease Control Zoonosis and One Health Webinar, Nov 4, 2020, Virtual. 56. Plummer PJ et al. Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens Affecting Animal Health in the United States. AVMA/Committee on Antimicrobials. USAHA Virtual Annual Conference. Oct 9, 2020, Virtual. 55. Plummer PJ et al. Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens Affecting Animal Health in the United States. AVMA/Committee on Antimicrobials. AVMA Virtual Convention. Aug 22, 2020, Virtual. 54. Plummer PJ. Navigating VFDs for small ruminants. North Carolina Veterinary Conference. Nov 1-3, 2019, Raleigh NC. 53. Plummer PJ. Euthanasia approach and methods for small ruminants. North Carolina Veterinary Conference. Nov 1-3, 2019, Raleigh NC. 52. Plummer PJ. Practical approaches to managing abortions in small ruminants. North Carolina Veterinary Conference. Nov 1-3, 2019, Raleigh NC. 51. Plummer PJ. Integrated coccidia management strategies. North Carolina Veterinary Conference. Nov 1-3, 2019, Raleigh NC. 50. Plummer PJ. Managing lameness in small ruminant production systems. North Carolina Veterinary Conference. Nov 1-3, 2019, Raleigh NC. 49. Plummer PJ. Small Ruminant Welfare issues and approaches. North Carolina Veterinary Conference. Nov 1-3, 2019, Raleigh NC. 48. Plummer PJ. Farm level approaches to managing Coxiella in Livestock. North Carolina Veterinary Conference. Nov 1-3, 2019, Raleigh NC. 47. Plummer PJ. Antimicrobial Stewardship in Small Ruminant Medicine. North Carolina Veterinary Conference. Nov 1-3, 2019, Raleigh NC. 46. Hempstead M*, Stilwell G, Plummer PJ. Overview of indicators to assess on-farm welfare of sheep and goats. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners session at the American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Conference. Sept 13, 2019, St. Louis, MO. 45. Hempstead M*, Waas J, Stewart M, Sutherland M, Fowler J, Plummer PJ. Best-practice recommendations for disbudding dairy goat kids. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners session at the American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Conference. Sept 13, 2019, St. Louis, MO. 44. Plummer PJ, Shearer J, Reynolds J. Dairy Cattle Welfare and using science communication to improve implementation. 6 Hour Symposium AABP Conference pre convention seminar. Sept 12, 2018, Phoenix, AZ. 43. Plummer PJ. Considerations in using CO2 for euthanasia of neonates. American Veterinary Medical Association Humane Endings Conference. Nov 3, 2018, Chicago, IL. 42. Plummer PJ. Developing SOP’s for Goat Dairies. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners Conference at American Dairy Goat Association National Convention. Oct 19, 2018, Minneapolis, MN. 41. Plummer PJ. Antibiotic Stewardship in Small Ruminant Medicine. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners Conference at American Dairy Goat Association National Convention. Oct 19, 2018, Minneapolis, MN. 40. Plummer PJ. Small Ruminant Foot Trimming and Lameness. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners Conference at American Dairy Goat Association National Convention. Oct 19, 2018, Minneapolis, MN. 39. Plummer PJ. Dairy Goat Wellbeing – General Principles. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners Conference at American Dairy Goat Association National Convention. Oct 19, 2018, Minneapolis, MN. 38. Plummer PJ. Coxiella in Small Ruminant Management Systems. American Veterinary Medical Association General Meeting Proceedings. Jul 16, 2018, Denver, CO. 37. Plummer PJ. Small Ruminant Foot Trimming and Lameness. American Veterinary Medical Association General Meeting Proceedings. Jul 16, 2018, Denver, CO. 36. Plummer PJ. Small Ruminant Wellbeing in Practice. American Veterinary Medical Association General Meeting Proceedings. Jul 16, 2018, Denver, CO. 35. Plummer PJ. Antibiotic Stewardship in Small Ruminant Medicine. American Veterinary Medical Association General Meeting Proceedings. Jul 16, 2018, Denver, CO. 34. Plummer PJ. The Changing Face of Microbiology in the 21st Century: Implications and opportunities for Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine. Plenary talk for the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Meeting held in Conjunction with the US Animal Health Association Meeting. Oct 15, 2016, Greensboro, NC. 33. Plummer P. Current Understanding of the Development and Pathogenesis of Digital Dermatitis. Academy of Veterinary Consultants Fall Meeting. Aug 5, 2016, Kansas City, MO. 32. Plummer P. Multiomic Approaches to Study Host Pathogen Interactions. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Jun 9, 2016, Denver CO. 31. Plummer P. Beyond the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology in Bacterial Pathogens. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Jun 9, 2016, Denver CO. 30. An additional 30 continuing education meetings with international attendance were presented but not detailed for brevity. Full details available upon request. Meetings With Regional Attendance: 39 continuing education meetings with regional attendance were conducted but not listed, for brevity. Full details available on request. Non-Refereed Lay Press Publications 3. Plummer P and Shearer J. Deciphering Digital Dermatitis. Cover story for Bovine Veterinarian, October 2016. 2. Shearer JK and Plummer PJ. Digital Dermatitis in Cow/Calf and Feedlot Cattle. Progressive Cattleman. August 2015. 1. Krull A, Shearer J, Gorden P, Cooper V, Phillips G, Plummer P. ISU Animal Industry Report. “Bacterial causes of digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cattle”. Extension, Producer and Outreach Meetings (all invited) 57. Hurdles to broader development and licensure of small ruminant vaccines. US Animal Health Association Annual Meeting. Oct 19, 2021, Denver, CO. 56. Evidence Based and Practical Approaches to Optimizing Disbudding Practices in Dairy Goat Kids. Iowa State Dairy Extension Webinar Series. Jun 2, 2021, Virtual. 55. One-Health Perspectives on antimicrobial resistance and its importance to the beef industry. 2021 Driftless Region Beef Virtual Conference. Jan 26-28, 2021, Virtual. 54. Working to Mitigate Antimicrobial Resistance Using a One Health Approach. Ohio State Global One Health Initiative Annual Conference. Nov 7, 2020, Virtual. 53. Plummer PJ et al. Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens Affecting Animal Health in the United States. AVMA/Committee on Antimicrobials. Center for Disease Control Zoonosis and One Health Webinar. Nov 4, 2020, Virtual. 52. Plummer PJ et al. Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens Affecting Animal Health in the United States. AVMA/Committee on Antimicrobials. National Institute of Animal Agriculture Antibiotic Symposium. Nov 2-4, 2020, Virtual. 51. Developing SOP’s for Goat Dairies. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners Conference at American Dairy Goat Association National Convention. Oct 19, 2018, Minneapolis, MN. 50. Antibiotic Stewardship in Small Ruminant Medicine. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners Conference at American Dairy Goat Association National Convention. Oct 19, 2018, Minneapolis, MN. 49. Small Ruminant Foot Trimming and Lameness. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners Conference at American Dairy Goat Association National Convention. Oct 19, 2018, Minneapolis, MN. 48. Dairy Goat Wellbeing – General Principles. American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners Conference at American Dairy Goat Association National Convention. Oct 19, 2018, Minneapolis, MN. 47. Coccidia Management and Treatment in Dairy Goats. Southwest Technical College Dairy Goat Academy. Sept 28, 2018, Fennimore, WI. 46. Dairy Goat Wellbeing. Southwest Technical College Dairy Goat Academy. Sept 28, 2018, Fennimore, WI. 45. Coccidia Management and Treatment in Dairy Goats. Southwest Technical College Dairy Goat Academy. Sept 28, 2018, Fennimore, WI. 44. Dairy Goat Wellbeing. Southwest Technical College Dairy Goat Academy. Sept 28, 2018, Fennimore, WI. 43. “Current updates on digital dermatitis and bovine lameness in beef cattle”. Master Hoof Care Technician Beef Cattle Training Course. Aug 22-23, 2016, Amana IA. 42. “Dairy Goat Manage and Health Question and Answer”, Iowa State Extension Diary Goat Field Day. Jan 26, 2016, Edgewood, IA. 41. “Dairy Goat Manage and Health Question and Answer”, Iowa State Extension Diary Goat Field Day. January 27, 2016, Waucoma, IA. 40. “Evaluating Sheep Health Status (2 hour wetlab)” Sheep 4-H Roundup, Iowa State University. Jun 30, 2015, Ames, IA. An additional 39 producer meetings were conducted prior to 2015. Full details available upon request. FUNDING Competitive Funding (cumulative total $21,456,464) Summary of new grants awarded by year Funded Year As PI As Co-PI 2021 $937,034 $214,406 2020 $409,690 $4,699,814 2019 $220,743 $1,570,000 2018 $3,132,500 $272,698 2017 $1,955,450 $1,239,994 2016 $949,154 $25,000 2015 $20,000 $25,000 2014 $874,571 $25,000 2013 $696,446 $90,050 2012 $122,951 $2,094,361 2011 $100,000 $553,674 2010 $135,000 $411,667 2009 $25,000 $170,990 2008 $371,786 $48,510 2007 $14,925 $25,000 2006 $0 $25,000 Total $9,965,250 $11,491,214 *This is funding granted through Nov 2021 Total Career (2006-Present) Competitive Funding = $21,456,464 Grants Funded 2021 ($1,151,440) USDA NIFA 2021-2025 $ 837,044 “Improving Antimicrobial Resistance Science Communication Education for Veterinary Students” PD- Plummer Co-PD King, Sander, Okello USDA APHIS 2021-2022 $ 174,406 “Evaluation of Data Privacy and Security Options for a Public-Private Partnership Antimicrobial Resistance Dashboard” PD – Kreuder Co-PD Plummer Petland Inc 2021-2023 $99,990 “Proposed approach to industry improvement in infection control and antibiotic stewardship.” PI – Plummer ISU CVM Seed Funding 2021-2022 $40,000 “Regulation of methionine metabolism via iron-responsive small ncRNAs CjNC110 and CjNC140 in Campylobacter jejuni” PI – Kreuder Co-I Plummer 2020 ($5,109,504) USDA-FAS 2020-2023 $409,690 “2020 African Veterinary Faculty Exchange Program.” PI – Plummer Co-I Danielson USDA NIFA 2021-2023 $999,942 “Improving antibiotic stewardship in dairy goats to assure food safety and milk quality” PD-Gorden Co-PD Plummer USDA NIFA 2021-2023 $499,872 “Efficacy of tulathromycin for treatment of respiratory disease in goats: a final step towards label approval” PD-Kreuder Co-PD Plummer Walmart Foundation 2021-2022 $3,200,000 “Improving Food Safety of Pork Supply Chain in China” PD – Li (University of Arkansas) Co-I Plummer I serve as a subcontractor on this proposal focused on antimicrobial resistance and specifically working to develop training materials and approaches to decrease antimicrobial residues and antimicrobial resistant organisms in the food chain. 2019 ($1,790,743) Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 2019-2021 $1,500,000 “Online Platform to Meet Veterinary Education Needs Related to OIE Day One Competencies” PI – Roth Co-I Plummer, Sato, Ramirez As co-investigator on this project my role is to serve as the subject matter expert on small ruminant module development (one third of the modules) and to provide context and contacts related to veterinary medicine in Ethiopia (one of two countries where these will be piloted). USDA-FAS 2019-2021 $220,743 “2019 African Veterinary Faculty Exchange Program.” PI – Plummer Co-I Danielson ISU CVM Seed Funding 2019-2021 $40,000 “Characterizing the Regulatory Interactions of Small RNAs CJNC110 and CJNC140 in the Pathobiology of Campylobacter jejuni IA3902” PI – Kreuder Co-I Plummer As co-investigator on this project my role is to assist with the experimental design and data analysis. This is a continuation of the work that Dr. Kreuder started in my laboratory as a PhD student and we continue to collaborate on the project. AASV Foundation 2019-2020 $30,000 “Does knowledge of testing procedures or the format of culture and susceptibility reports from veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) influence antimicrobial selection decisions?” PI – Karriker Co-I Plummer, Gorden, Sahin A co-investigator on this project my role is to assist with the development of novel approaches to presenting MICs and evaluating how students perceive the information and make decisions. 2018 ($3,405,198) USDA-FAS 2016-2019 $72,500 “Plus up funding for Development of a review evaluation and reunion of African Veterinary Faculty Exchange Program.” PI – Plummer Co-I Danielson CDC 2018-2019 $272,698 “Campylobacter burden in dogs.” PI – Zhang Co-I Sahin, Plummer, Sathe A co-investigator on this project my role is to be responsible for antibiotic use survey of puppy breeders and to provide clinical context to the data analysis. ISU CVM Seed Funding 2018-2020 $40,000 “Novel DNA sequencing-based approach for tracking antimicrobial resistance genes within complex microbial communities.” PI – Plummer Co-I Phillips ISU President, VPR, Colleges 2018-2021 $825,000 “Development of the National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education under the APLU/AAVMC selection.” PI - Plummer et al. University of NE- Lincoln 2018-2021 $750,000 “Development of the National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education under the APLU/AAVMC selection.” PI - Plummer et al. ISU Presidential Interdisciplinary Research Initiative 2018-2021 $750,000 “AMR Consortium” Building Antimicrobial Resistance Research on the ISU Campus PI - Plummer et al. USDA-FAS 2016-2019 $300,000 “Plus up funding for third year implementation of African Veterinary Faculty Exchange Program.” PI -Plummer Co-I Danielson USDA-NIFA-AFRI 2018-2020 $395,000 “Dairy Goat Wellbeing: Development of Benchmarking and Training Materials to Aid the Industry” PI -Plummer Co-I Shearer Role: PI 2017 ($3,195,444) USDA- NIFA – AFRI 2016-2021 $1,199,994 “Mitigation of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter in cattle” PI – Zhang Co-I Sahin, Plummer, Coetzee A co-investigator on this project I am responsible for all in vivo animal experiments and the metagenomic and horizontal gene transfer data collection and analysis. I also am overseeing the resistance modeling efforts focused on determining the optimal treatment dose and regimen to minimize the emergence of resistance. USDA-NIFA-OREI 2017-2021 $1,955,450 “Improving Lameness in Dairy Cattle on Organic Dairies” PI – Plummer Co-I Shearer, Scott and Velez ISU CVM Seed Grant 2017-2019 $40,000 “Development of a proof of concept in vitro pharmacokinetic model for urinary tract infection (UTI) by synergizing Hollow Fiber Cartridge Bioreactor Pharmacokinetics with a novel sheep urinary-catheter induced sepsis model.” PI – Smith Co-I Plummer, Mochel A co-investigator on this project I am responsible for animal model work and AMR testing. 2016 ($949,154) ISU CVM Seed Grant 2015-2017 $20,000 “Development of a novel sheep model of human sepsis to study antimicrobial resistance.” PI - Plummer Co-I Sahin, Li. USDA, Foreign Ag Service 2016-2019 $840,000 “African Veterinary Faculty Exchange Program for Capacity Building in Veterinary Teaching and Research.” Plummer, Danielson. PI - Plummer Elanco Animal Health 2016-2018 $64,154 “Biomechanical Strength and Global Transcriptomics of the Laminar Corium of Beef Cattle and their Association with Mobility Score” Plummer, Shearer and Schleining PI - Plummer Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Council 2015-2016 $25,000 “Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Residue Depletion of Ponazuril in Feeder Lambs” PI - Still-Brooks Co-I Plummer, Brewer, Coetzee 2015 ($45,000) ISU CVM Seed Grant 2015-2017 $20,000 “Development of a novel sheep model of human sepsis.” Plummer PJ, Sahin O, Li G. Role: PI Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Committee. 2015-2016 $25,000 “Development of Subunit Vaccines Against Campylobacter-associated Sheep Abortion.” Sahin O, Burrough E, Plummer PJ, Yaeger M. Role: Co-PI Responsible for assisting with management of sheep, development of vaccine, vaccination, pregnancy determination, inoculation and management of abortions. 2014 ($899,571) USDA, NIFA 2014-2017 $ 474,878 “Novel Approaches to Controlling Bovine Digital Dermatitis.” Plummer PJ, Shearer J, Krull A. Role – PI USAID (via Colorado State) 2014-2015 $399,693 “CAMELs: Camel Adaptation and Medicine in the East-African Landscape.” Plummer PJ, Yaeger M. Role: PI Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Committee. 2014-2015 $25,000 “Development of Subunit Vaccines Against Campylobacter-associated Sheep Abortion.” Sahin O, Burrough E, Plummer PJ, Yaeger M. Role: Co-PI Responsible for assisting with management of sheep, development of vaccine, vaccination, pregnancy determination, inoculation and management of abortions. 2013 ($786,496) Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. 2013-2015 $592,498 “Characterization of the Lesion Development and Improved Culture Methods For Cows Affected with Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis.” Plummer PJ, Shearer JK, Gorden P. Role: PI USDA NIFA Graduate Fellowship 2013-2015 $78,944 Graduate Fellowship for Kathy Mou. Mou K, Plummer PJ. Role: Mentor Responsible for overseeing preparation and management of the grant, mentoring Ms. Mou in her PhD, providing her opportunities to develop career skills and overseeing research and publication of work. National Pork Board 2013-2014 $55,050 “Investigation of the impact of increased dietary insoluble fiber through the feeding of dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) on the colonic microbiota of pigs with and without Brachyspira-associated colitis.” Burrough E, Plummer PJ. Role: Co-PI Responsible for overseeing DNA purification and preparation, sequencing library preparation, sequencing, and data analysis/bioinformatics. American Dairy Goat Association Research Foundation 2013-2015 $35,000 “In vivo efficacy of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Formic Acid treatment of colostrum in prevention of Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus infection in neonatal goats.” Trujillo J, Plummer PJ. Role: Co-PI Responsible for overseeing goat health and management, inoculation, monitoring, sample collection and necropsy. Zoetis Animal Health 2013 $25,004 “Development and validation of a guinea pig infection model for C. fetus.” Plummer PJ, Yaeger M. Role: PI 2012 ($2,094,361) NIH/NIFA 2013-2018 $1,700,000 “Abortifacient Campylobacter jejuni as a zoonotic pathogen.” Zhang Q, Plummer PJ, Yaeger M. Role: Co-PI Responsible for assisting with study design and implementation, overseeing laboratory animal health and management, interpretation and translation of outcomes to clinical medicine and assisting with laboratory experiments. Bovine Infectious Disease Competitive Funds 2012 $50,000 “Metagenomic evaluation of digital dermatitis lesions and the development of a disease induction model.” Plummer PJ, Gorden P, Krull A, Shearer J, Leuschen B Role: PI Bovine Infectious Disease Competitive Funds 2012 $50,000 “Development of a novel calf induction model of Bibersteinia trehalosi.” Dewell G, Plummer PJ. Role: Co-PI Responsible for assisting with development and implementation of the research study, growth of inoculum, necropsy and genetic evaluation and sequencing of the isolates. Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. 2012 $50,000 Postdoctoral Research Associate funding for Bovine Infectious Disease Research. Plummer P. Role: PI ISU College of Veterinary Medicine Seed Funds 2012 $22,951 “Development of a dairy calf model of Bovine Digital Dermatitis and its application in metagenomics evaluation of disease etiology.” Plummer PJ, Krull A, Phillips G, Gorden P. Role: PI Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Committee 2012 $25,000 “Use of culture-independent metagenomics to measure changes in host microbiota in clinical mastitis.” Phillips G, Plummer PJ, Gorden P. Role: Co-PI Responsible for assisting with development of the experimental design and implementation of the studies, collection and processing of samples, evaluation of data and assisting with preparing publication of results. American Association of Bovine Practitioners 2012 $21,770 “Topical Treatment of Claw Lesions in Dairy Cattle.” Shearer J, Plummer PJ, Krull A, Gorden P. Role: Co-PI Responsible for initial development and implementation of experiments, collection of data, statistical evaluation of data and preparing reports. Iowa State Health Research Initiative 2012 $150,000 Infectious Disease Research Consortium. Cho M, Songer G, Plummer PJ, Blitvich B. Role: Co-PI Assisting with development of objectives, overseeing the bacterial section of the research consortium and evaluating outcomes. BIVI PRRS Research Competition 2012 $24,640 “Use of Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide to disinfect market hog transport vehicles.” Holtkamp D, Zhang JQ, Plummer PJ. Role: Co-PI Responsible for assisting with the development of the experimental plan, coordinating efforts with sponsor and evaluating results. 2011 ($653,699) USDA NIFA 2012-2015 $499,999 “Foodborne hazard associated with an emerging Campylobacter jejuni clone in ruminants.” Zhang Q, Plummer PJ, Scott HM, Sahin O Role: Co-PI Responsible for assisting with development and implementation of experiments, overseeing animal studies, assisting with cheese making and monitoring of contamination and coordinating sampling efforts for dairies around the state. Bovine Infectious Disease Competitive Funds 2011 $50,000 “Metagenomic evaluation of digital dermatitis lesions and the development of a disease induction model.” Plummer PJ, Gorden P, Krull A, Shearer J, Leuschen B Role: PI Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. 2011 $30,000 “Impact of Schmallenberg Virus on Veterinary Health in the United States.” Blitvich B, Plummer PJ, Burrough E. Role: Co-PI Responsible for assisting as liaison between diagnostic laboratory and livestock producers that were submitting surveillance samples. Bovine Infectious Disease Funds 2011 $23,700 “Molecular characterization of Biberstinia trehalosi.” Dewell G, Plummer PJ. Role: Co-PI and director of laboratory work Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. 2011 $50,000 Postdoctoral Research Associate funding for Bovine Infectious Disease Research Plummer PJ. Role: PI 2010 ($546,667) Bovine Infectious Disease Competitive Funds 2010-11 $40,000 “Characterization of the Lesion Development and Improved Culture Methods For Cows Affected with Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis.” Plummer PJ, Shearer J, Gorden P, Krull A. Role: PI Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. 2010 $50,000 Postdoctoral Research Associate funding for Bovine Infectious Disease Research Plummer PJ. Role: PI Bovine Infectious Disease Competitive Funds 2010 $45,000 “Evaluation of bovine coronavirus status at pre-conditioning on feedlot performance of beef cattle.” Plummer PJ, Engelken T, O’Connor A, Cooper V. Role: PI USDA Higher Education Challenge Grant 2010-13 $308,667 “Systems approach to teaching veterinary medicine.” Hurd S, Plummer PJ, Ramirez A, Danielson J. Role: Co-PI Responsible for developing teaching materials and implementing a systems approach focus in some of the lectures for VDPAM 445. Healthy Livestock Initiative 2010 $20,000 “Development of a Metagenomics Tool Box and Application of Metagenomics to Address Culture Negative Clinical Mastitis Samples.” Phillips G, Plummer PJ, Gorden P. Role: Co-PI Responsible for assisting with development of the experimental design and implementation of the studies, collection and processing of samples, evaluation of data and assisting with preparing publication of results. Grow Iowa Values Fund 2010 $83,000 “Development of a Novel Genetic Test for Inherited Bovine Diseases and its Application to Embryos.” Halbur P, West J, Plummer PJ, Main R. Role: Co-PI. Responsible for assisting with development of research experiments, assisting with sample processing and providing insight into results. 2009 ($195,990) Healthy Livestock Initiative 2009 $20,000 “Development of a Metagenomics Tool Box and Application of Metagenomics to Address Culture Negative Clinical Mastitis Samples.” Phillips G, Plummer PJ, Gorden P. Role: Co-PI WiDAD Seed Monay at ISU 2009 $16,690 “Ecology of Campylobacter in wildlife species in Iowa.” Zhang Q, Blanchong J, Plummer PJ, Sahin O, Fairbanks S. Role: Co-PI Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Council 2009 $19,800 “A randomized clinical trial evaluating a farm-of-origin autogenous M. bovis vaccine to control Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (Pinkeye) in beef cattle.” O’Connor A, Plummer PJ, Engelken T, Cooper V. Role: Co-PI National Research Support Program 7 (NRSP-7) 2009-2011. $45,000 Minor Species Animal Drug Program. “Efficacy of CIDR-G vaginal implants for synchronization of estrus in goats.” Griffith R, Plummer PJ. Role: Co-PI and Co-Study Director, responsible for site selection and collaborator training, pre-enrollment animal evaluation, CIDR placement and removal, and post-treatment pregnancy ultrasound. Grow Iowa Values Fund 2009 $69,500 “Development of a Novel Genetic Test for Inherited Bovine Diseases and its Application to Embryos.” Halbur P, West J, Plummer PJ, Main R. Role: Co-PI. Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Council 2009 $25,000 “Shedding and Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii among Iowa residents and ruminant livestock.” Plummer PJ, O’Connor A, Plummer C. Still K. Role: PI 2008 ($420,296) NIH 1 KO8 AI070523-01 2008-2010 $371,786 “Quorum Sensing Mechanisms of Campylobacter.” Plummer PJ, Zhang Q (Mentor). Role: PI The goal of this project is to better understand the intercellular communication between these bacteria as a potential novel target for intervention. Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Council 2008 $23,510 “Efficacy of Formic Acid as a Means of Controlling Mycoplasma bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle.” West J, Plummer PJ Role: Co-Investigator and Grant Writer Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Council 2008 $25,000 “Campylobacter associated abortion in sheep.” Zhang Q, Sahin O, Yaeger M, Plummer PJ. Role: Co-Investigator 2007 ($39,925) American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Foundation. 2007 $14,925 “Redefining the role of Chlamydophila spp. associated disease in dairy goats.” Plummer P, O’Connor A. Role: PI Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Council 2007 $25,000 “Campylobacter associated abortion in sheep.” Zhang Q, Sahin O, Yaeger M, Plummer P. Role: Co-Investigator 2006 ($25,000) Iowa Livestock Health Advisory Council 2006 $25,000 “Campylobacter associated abortion in sheep.” Zhang Q, Sahin O, Yaeger M, Plummer P. Role: Co-Investigator Special Projects and Fee-for-Service Research ($325,800) Details available upon request Editorial Review of Scientific Manuscripts Editor Associate Editor, Frontiers in Veterinary Science: Infectious Disease (2017-present) Ad Hoc Reviewer Emerging Infectious Disease Journal of Dairy Science Frontiers in Veterinary Science Translational Animal Science Plos One Pathogens Zoonosis and Public Health Anaerobe Tropical Animal Health and Production Transboundary and Infectious Disease Scientific Reports Journal of Anatomy Archives of Microbiology Infection and Immunity Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics American Journal of Veterinary Research Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Applied and Environmental Microbiology BMC Genomics FEMS Microbiology Letters CABI journal CAB Reviews Professional Societies Year Society 2004 – present American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine; member Forum Planning Committee 2007-2011, Chair 2010 2004 – present Iowa Veterinary Medical Association (IVMA); member Chair Small Ruminant Committee 2004-present 2004 – present American Society for Microbiology; member Chair-elect Division Z Animal Health Microbiology 2012 Chair - Division Z Animal Health Microbiology 2013 Council Member - 2014 2000 – present American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA); member Chair – Small Ruminant Depopulation Committee Alternate Member –Panel on Antibiotics 2000 – present American Associations of Small Ruminant Practitioners; member Alternate Representative – AVMA Panel on Antibiotics 2000 – present American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP); member TEACHING Iowa State Univesity; Veterinary Curriculum Teaching Philosophy Dr. Plummer’s teaching philosophy was heavily influenced by a class on “Teaching and Learning in the Veterinary Environment” that he took from Dr. Jarod Danielson, director of the office of curriculum assessment here at ISU. Through this class Dr. Plummer developed his current teaching style that emphasizes concept building and encourages students to interact with the material instead of simple memorization. In didactic lectures Dr. Plummer often integrates small group activities to foster collaborative learning and encourage discussion of the material. In a more clinical setting with smaller group teaching Dr. Plummer encourages active student participation (let students do procedure after seeing one, let students teach each other procedures they know under supervision of Dr. Plummer etc.) and emphasizes the concepts necessary to become a good clinician. Teaching Responsibilities Teaching evaluations as well as peer evaluations available upon request VDPAM 445. Clinical Medicine Role: Co-Instructor in Charge (2010-present) This is the required course on ruminant and swine medicine for all veterinary students (~145 per year) in the third year of their veterinary curriculum. Dr. Plummer coordinates development of the course syllabus, course exams, grading and class lecture schedules. VDPAM 495. Advanced Small Ruminant Production Medicine Role: Instructor-in-charge (2008-present) This is a fourth year elective limited to 12 students in each of the two semesters. It is conducted as an intensive 2-week rotation with 8-12 hours of interaction per day, multiple field trips and surgery laboratory. VDPAM 351. Bovine Embryo Transfer and Related Technologies Role: Instructor (2010-2016) VDPAM 486 Introduction to Small Ruminant Production Medicine Role: Instructor-in-charge. (2007-2020), Lecturer (2020-2021) VDPAM 340 Clinical Foundations Role: Instructor. (2010-2017) Lecturer (2017-2021 VDPAM 477 Food Animal Medicine and Surgery Role: Instructor. (2010-2016) VMPM 586 Veterinary Microbiology Role: Instructor. (2009-2013) VDPAM 487 Livestock Disease Prevention (2 hours on sheep and goat health) Role: Instructor. (2010-present) Graduate Student Teaching Current Students (Major or Co-Major Professor) Student Year Degree Affiliation Cassie Krebill 2018-present MS Major Professor Ashenafi Beyi, DVM 2018-present PhD Co-Major Professor Simon Timmerman 2017-present PhD Major Professor Brandon Ruddel 2016 -present PhD Co-Major Professor John Coatney, DVM 2015-present PhD Major Professor Current Students (Serve on committee) Student Year Degree Affiliation Allie Proctor 2013-present PhD Committee Megan Abeyta 2018-present PhD Committee Deborah Goulart 2018-present PhD Committee Zhiyi Zheng, 2020-present PhD Committee Past Students Student Year Degree Affiliation Chris Anderson 2013-2017 MS Co-Major Professor Christy Hanthorn, DVM 2012-2014 MS (granted) Committee Samantha Terhorst 2010-2012 MS (granted) Committee Isabelle Withrock 2013-2015 MS (granted) Committee Bailey Wilberts, DVM 2013-2014 PhD(granted) Committee Kathy Mou 2010-2015 PhD(granted) Major Professor Amanda Kreuder, DVM 2010-2016 PhD(Granted) Major Professor Adam Krull, DVM 2010-2015 PhD(granted) Major-Professor Victoria Lashley 2014-2016 PhD(granted) Committee Matt Beal 2015-2018 MS (granted) Major Professor Aislinn Ophoff 2017-2019 MS (granted) Co-Major Professor Susan Chadima, DVM 2017-2020 MS(granted) Major Professor Taylor Lindquist 2018-2021 MS(granted) Major Professor Postdoctoral Training Postdoc Year Melissa Hempstead 2018-2020 Katie Kleinhenz, DVM 2013-2014 Kelly Still-Brooks 2014-2015 John Coatney, DVM 2014-2015 INSTITUTIONAL SERVICE Departmental Committees • Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), Strategic Planning Committee (2015-2019) • Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), Research and Graduate Studies Committee (2010-2013) • Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Toxicologist search committee. (2010 – 2011) • Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Director of Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Section Search Committee (2010) • Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Food Animal and Camelid Surgeon Search Committee (2010) • Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Food Supply Veterinary Service Core Committee. (2010-2016) • Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Dean’s VDPAM Departmental Chair Reevaluation Committee (2011) • Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Field Service Faculty Position (2014) • Iowa State University, Department of Veterinary Pathology Parasitology Search Committee (2014) • Iowa State University, Food Supply Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Internal Medicine search committee. (2015) • Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Bacteriologist search committee. (2015) College Committees • Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Advisory Council (2016-present), Chair 2020-2022 • Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ramsey Seminar Series Committee • Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, College Strategic Planning Committee • Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dean’s Advisory Panel for Merck Seminar Series • Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Search Committee for Grant Writer by Associate Dean of Research and Graduate Education • Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Honor Board Student Advocate (Advisor) • Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Search Committee Associate Dean for Academic and Student Affairs • Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Presidential Hiring Initiative Infectious Disease Search Committee for 3 positions (2013-2014) • Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Curriculum Committee (2014-2017) University Service • Iowa State University Vice-President for Research Search Committee 2020 • Iowa State University Antimicrobial Resistance Advisory Panel. Office of the Vice President of Research • Biotechnology Council. Office of the Vice President for Research. (2016-2019) • Iowa State University, Laboratory Animal Resources Advisory Committee • Iowa State University, DNA Facility User Advisory Committee • Iowa State University, Bioinformatics Facility User Advisory Committee • Iowa State University, Data Driven Science Initiative Faculty Steering Committee (2015-present)
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